Curriculum design and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Curriculum design and development - Essay Example It must be designed to meet specific goals that are evaluated towards setting a concrete foundation in knowledge, skills, understanding and values in all fields of work2. This document provides a proposal of changes and addition of some new information to the MAF of Orthodontic Therapy training. The new changes are meant to cater for new developments in technology and incorporate research based proven techniques that work to develop learners with capability of meeting the diversity seen in the current job market. As seen from the module descriptor, the MAF does not incorporate a relationship with any other module in the field of education. This means the entire course is just taught based on knowledge applied in the field without the consideration of other important courses that can add value to the professionalism of a student. The course descriptor lacks the element of diversity that is highly required in the current society that demands more than skills from individuals3. As seen from among the aims of the paper, the training offered aims to train individuals ready to accept professionalism through appreciating responsibility for contribution to high quality and effective care. However, the descriptor does not provide any measures to ensure that this aim is met. Relationship with other Modules In the proposed new model, there is proposal to create a relationship between this course and the study of professionalism and ethics. The expectations of the society are constantly changing and this necessitates that learners are subjected to a wide set of adaptive skills and values that will guide them to meeting these changing expectations. The integration of teaching ethics and codes of conduct will help students develop professional responsibility in all that they do4. By knowing the expectations of the people they will be serving, they will be able handle the needs of the people dependent on them such as pain management. Basically, a good curriculum should includ e the development of ethical behaviors among the trainees. This involves the willingness, capacity and determination to think and make judgments that will work for the good of the people they serve5. This will not be instilled through experience but needs to be incorporated in the curriculum design of the module of the institution for students to understand and act in accordance to ethical and moral principles6. This is the reason for proposing the inclusion of a relationship between Orthodontic training and Professional Ethics as relates to the field. A link must be created between this two learning areas to ensure students develop competency as they learn technical skills. Aims The aims of the course have been modified to incorporate the strategy of group work. This should be incorporated into the MAF to drive teaching and learning towards a cooperative learning system. This system of teaching will encourage small groups of students to work together in order to achieve a common go al. The curriculum must ensure to incorporate both the student and the faculty in the process of learning and sharing knowledge as this will prepare the students to doing the same in the future7. Knowledge sharing is an important aspect in the job field as it ensures the creation and distribution of new knowledge and this eventually helps ensure higher performance8. The instructors must understand how

Feedback and Behavior Reinforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feedback and Behavior Reinforcement - Essay Example Secondly, the task itself, or its outcome can be a good source of feedback. If the outcome is not as desired, then it indicates that the task was not performed in the right manner. Thirdly, self observation is also a source; however, there will be possibilities of biasness or misinterpretation in feedback obtained from oneself. b. Define upward feedback and 360 — degree feedback. A typical organizational context adopts a top-down approach to feedback on performance issues. However, contemporary management is adopting an upward feedback in which the managers are evaluated by their subordinates, thus receiving upward feedback. Similarly, when feedback is sought from subordinates, colleagues, peers, external stakeholders and also superiors, it constitute the 360-degree feedback. c. Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, and give a job-related example of each, and also summarize the research lessons about pay performance and explain why rewards often fail to motivate employees. Extrinsic rewards are those that are acquired from external sources such as finance, material or social environment. These include pay incentives, bonuses, material rewards and recognition, promotions etc. In job contexts, extrinsic rewards are given in the form of pay-rise and/or promotions.

Relationship Between Politics and Sport

Relationship Between Politics and Sport Throughout history, sporting events have always reflected the political and social events that have surrounded them. Canada is not an exception to this fact. Political events such as the civil rights movement, the women’s rights movement, and various sporting events such as the Olympics have had a large influence on the world of sports. During the civil rights movement, many African athletes began to participate in sports to help transcend racial barriers. Willie O’Ree, the first black player to ever play in the NHL, was one of the figures that could be compared to Martin Luther King Jr. Willie O’Ree played for the Boston Bruins and his career was reflective of the Civil Rights Movement. In fact, â€Å" †¦one night in Chicago, ORee was butt-ended in the mouth by a Blackhawks player, who, as ORee was picking up his teeth from the ice, stood over him uttering a racist remark† (Burnett, 2007). O’Ree took this kind of abuse for his whole career, an d even though he was the first black player to play in the NHL, it took 30 years for the league to invite him to a single All-Star game (Burnett, 2007). The hate he received was immense, and his calm and quiet demeanor allowed him to ignore the derogatory terms was being called and continued to help contribute to the movement. As the movement began to prove successful in the 1960s, black athletes began to flourish as well. Fergus Arthur Jenkins, an African Canadian athlete who played in the MLB throughout the duration of the movement, was the epitome of the effects the movement had on the world. He is one of the greatest pitchers of all time, and one the less known figures during the time period (Fergie Jenkins Foundation). The main reason why I say he is a representative figure of the movement is because his career began right after the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Because of the dates of each event are so close, it can be assumed that Jenkins’ career and the bill symbolized a turning point in history in which people of African descent would begin to be treated as human beings. In addition to Ferguson Jenkins, Harry Jerome was another African Canadian athlete that stood out in his field and was also a symbol of the struggle black people had to go through before receiving proper treatmen t from others. Harry Jerome was born in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan in 1940 (Barris, 2008). He participated in numerous races throughout his career and set records in the 100m dash and a variety of other events (Barris, 2008). In 1964, he â€Å"participated in the Tokyo Olympics and won a bronze medal in the 100m – dash† (Barris, 2008). This event was very significant as it represented the recent successes of the civil rights movement and his scar symbolized all the hardship that black people had faced as they pursued their dreams to be seen and treated fairly. The civil rights movement produced many athletes of African descent and they in turn represented the world – wide movement. Some of these athletes – Ferguson Jenkins, Willie O’Ree, and Harry Jerome – symbolized the movement and were leaders in their own way. During the women’s rights movement, many of the participants challenged the views of society and changed the world for the better through politics and sports. The Edmonton Grads were a dominant women’s baske tball team and served as a symbol of the progress women have made throughout the movement. â€Å"Beginning as a high-school team, the Grads ruled womensbasketballfrom 1915 to 1940, winning 93% of their games and 49 out of a possible 51 domestic titles† (Macdonald, 2006). The dominance the team had over the sport was relatable to the expansion of women into other fields. For example, as the Grads began to win, women began working and factories and drifting away from the stay-at-home wife stereotype that had held them down for so long. The Grads were also quite relatable to the Famous Five. Since they were playing a sport that was considered to be masculine and trying to challenge that view, the Famous Five were challenging the law that prohibited women from working. After the Dominions Election Act was passed in 1920, women gained the right to vote in federal elections (Massicotte). After this event many women athletes began to truly shine and stand out in their sport. One of the many woman athletes that produced incredible results was Lela Brooks. Brooks won multiple championships in speed skating (Ferguson, 2008). Although she had such a long career, she began to find success in 1923, which was just three years after the passing of the Dominions Election Act. Another successful athlete that flourished after the bill was Ethel Catherwood. She was a member of the 1928 Olympic team and won a gold metal (Barris, 2008). Although, if there was an individual that embodied the women’s rights movement, Fanny Rosenfeld would be that person. Rosenfeld is the most accomplished woman athlete in Canadian history. She was the â€Å"top-ranked female sprinter in Canada, she was also ranked number one in the long jump, shot put, and discus in 1925, and won Canada’s first Olympictrack and fieldmedal (a silver) in 1928† (Marshall, 2013). Throughout the 20s, she challenged the idea that some sports should only be played by men. Many commentators would often say that â€Å"women should stick to sports such as swimming† (Marshall, 2013). To combat this stigma, Rosenfeld played other sports such as hockey and basketball (Rosenberg). To reach the point where women had equal standing with men in terms of sports, many contributions were needed. Some of those major contributions were the Edmonton Grads, the Dominions Election Act, and Fanny Rosenfeld. Without these individuals and events, life would be different for women all over the world. Many sporting events such as the 72 summit series, the 1980 boycott of the Olympics, and the 2014 winter Olympics held in Sochi were all affected by politics. In 1972, Canadian players from the NHL would face off against Russia in an eight game series office hockey (Wilson, 2004). This series mirrored political events occurring at the time as it was not just ice hockey, but a way to decide which political views were more dominant. Russia wanted to prove that communism was superior to democracy, and this opinion was shared by all players on team Russia. On the other hand, Canada believed that they would prevail and prove to Russia that a democratic government was superior. As the games unfolded, Canada won by a single game but realized the threat presented by Russia. In addition, this series was also representative of the war occurring at the time as it took place during the Cold War. These games of hockey would not only decide which country was better at developing talent, but also w hich government was far more effective. In addition, The 1980 Olympics also brought the issues created by Russia out into the forefront. In 1979, Russia invaded Afghanistan, and this did not sit well with President Carter of the United States (Bigelow, 2014). Carter issued a warning to Russia declaring that if they did not leave Afghanistan and return home, the United States would boycott the 1980 Olympics (Bigelow, 2014). Instead of returning, Russia decided to stay and defy the wishes of the US. Because of this, not only did the United States proceed to boycott the event, but so did Canada and a multitude of other countries (Hill, 1999). Later in 1984, Russia decided to boycott the Olympics in Los Angeles (Hill, 1999). The actions taken by both countries were heavily influenced by the Cold War that was occurring at the time. In recent years, the Sochi Winter Olympics were reflective of the views of society and Russia’s out-of-date thinking. In the last decade, society has b ecome more accepting of individuals who do not follow the norm. For example, there have been states in America that have been allowing homosexuals to get married. In Russia, a law recently passed that â€Å"prohibits individuals from promoting homosexuality to minors† (Domi, 2013). This law caused a major uproar in America, and many people wanted a boycott. This desire led to various protests across the United States (Domi, 2013). This outrage also affected athletes as they all insulted the service provided by Russia while they were competing to help support the cause. Many of them took pictures of the dirty conditions they were living in and posted them on the internet, such as dysfunctional toilets. Over the last century, there have been many national sporting events that have influenced and reflected their political surroundings. History and sports go hand-in-hand. Political events such as the Women’s Rights and Civil Rights Movement have all had an effect on Canadi an competition. Even during events such as the Olympics, politics still manage to affect competition. This will continue to be true for the next few years, and the next century. Works Cited Barris, T. (2008, February 18).Ethel catherwood- the canadian encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ethel-catherwood/ Barris, T. (2008, March 24).Harry jerome the canadian encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harry-jerome/ Bigelow, W. (2014, February 17).The failed u.s. boycott of the 1980 moscow summer olympics. Retrieved from http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-failed-u-s-boycott-of-the-1980-moscow-summer-olympics/5369121 Burnett, T. (2007, December 14).Willie ORee: The first black NHL player. Retrieved from http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Hockey/News/2007/12/07/4713520-sun.html Domi, T. (2013, December 18).Obama rightly joins political boycott of winter olympics. Retrieved from http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/12/russia-gay-rightslgbtsochiwinterolympics.html Fergie Jenkins Foundation. (n.d.).Fergie jenkins biography. Retrieved from http://www.fergiejenkins.ca/site/biography Hill, C. R. (1999). The Cold War and the Olympic movement. History Today, 49(1), 19. Macdonald, C. (2006, February 07).Edmonton grads the canadian encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edmonton-grads/ Marshall, T. (2013, October 16).The history of canadian women in sport. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-history-of-canadian-women-in-sport/ Massicotte, L. (n.d.).The evolution of the duties to be fulfilled by poll staff with regards to registration and voting on polling day and advance polling days, 1920 to 2012. Retrieved from http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=resdir=cons/comp/evoldocument=introlang=e Rosenberg, D. (n.d.).Fanny bobbie rosenfeld. Retrieved from http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/rosenfeld-fanny Wilson, J. J. (2004). 27 remarkable days: the 1972 summit series of ice hockey between Canada and the Soviet Union. Totalitarian Movements Political Regions, 5(2), 271 280

Bill Gates And The Microsoft Corporation :: essays research papers

Bill Gates - you love him, you hate him, maybe you should get to know him. The founder of the Microsoft has a lot of admirers and we can tell that for sure just by looking at his fortune. There are however people who not only despise him, but dedicate entire web-sites to criticizing him and his company; if you are one of those people you can check out www.onmacon.com (access will not be granted if you use Microsoft Internet Explorer). Some have even gone as far as throwing pies in his face... It’s an irony that one of the world’s smartest people didn’t even finish college. In 1975 he dropped out of Harvard to form an informal partnership with Paul Allen, â€Å"Micro-soft†; they invested all their time in BASIC, the first computer language program written for a personal computer. It wasn’t until November 1976 that Microsoft became official, when it was registered at the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico, and only in 1977 did the partnership between Bill and Paul Allen become official. That’s also when they deliver their second language product, FORTRAN. In 1978, besides launching a third language, COBOL-80, Microsoft goes international by forming a strategic partnership with the founder of ASCII Corporation in Japan. The following year, the company also enters the European market and wins the ICP Million Dollar Award with the 8080 BASIC. This is an important indicative of the growth and acceptance of the PC industr y. Starting with the early 80s, Microsoft starts expanding the product range from languages to operating systems and its first hardware product, the SoftCard, designed for the Apple II users. The newly incorporated business signs a contract with IBM, the first version of MS-DOS being the primary result. Unfortunately, this operating system wasn’t a very good one, requiring its users a thorough knowledge of command syntax. The company moves into the realm of business with an electronic spreadsheet program, the Multiplan. Also at this time, the Microsoft Local Area Network (MILAN) becomes functional, linking all of Microsoft’s in-house development computers. 1983 is an important year toward the development of a more user-friendly computer. In May the mouse is introduced, in September the Word processing program and in November Windows is announced, an extension of the MS-DOS operating system that provides a graphical operating environment. Windows allows a user to view unrelated application programs simultaneously and it provides the capability to transfer data from one application program to another.

Cafe yumm

It is not intended to serve as sources of primary data or illustrations of effective or ineffective management . Let's assume that it is currently October of 2011 and you are exploring the opportunity of becoming a Caf © Yumm! franchisee by opening a Caf © Yumm! near the I-JO campus on E13th street. Alternatively, you can open a Caf © Yumm! in downtown (two blocks from the LDT). For the downtown location, you face the following uncertainty: the city plans to build a huge office and apartment complex (with estimated 100,000 square feet office space and 150 apartments). The city will vote to make final decision in a year from today.If the project is approved by the city, the construction will take a year (starts this month next year and ends a year after that). You estimate the probability of the approval of the project by the city is 75%. To evaluate the franchise opportunity with Caf © Yumm! , you start to collect info as below. For both the I-JO and the downtown locations, y ou have the following estimates of the expenses to become a part of the Caf © Yumm! : Franchise fee: $35,000. This is one-time charge, paid to Caf © Yumm!. Advertising osts: between 1% and 2% of the gross sales paid to Caf © Yumm! n annually basis; currently 1. 5% of the gross sales. You will pay the advertising cost by the end of each year. Service fee: 6% of the gross sales paid to Caf © Yumm! by the end of each year. For the I-JO location, you estimate that the initial investment is $350,000. That includes the remodeling cost and the first-year rent which is $6,000 per month for this 1,200 square feet restaurant space. The lease of the restaurant space will be guaranteed for the next seven years. The rent, however, is expected to vary every year. The rent will be paid by the end of each year.From the opportunity analysis, your estimate other expenses and sales for the I-JO location are as follows: Expenses and Sales Labor Cost Non-labor Fixed Cost (Equipment lease, utilit y, insurance, and other miscellaneous costs Cost of Food ; Service Sales per $250,000 $36,000 $185,000 For the downtown location, you have the following choice depending on if the city approves the construction of the new office and apartment complex: Choice A: Rent a 1,500 square feet facility now The initial investment: $500,000. That includes the remodeling cost and the first-year ent which is $15,000 per month for this 1,500 square feet restaurant space.The lease of the restaurant space will be a seven-year agreement (early termination and sub-rental are not allowed). The rent, however, is expected to increase to $20,000 per month after the new office and apartment complex is built (if the project is approved). The rent will be paid by the end of each year. Estimated labor cost, cost of food and service, and sales: the same as those of the I-JO location before the new office and apartment complex is built; two times of those of the I-JO location after the ew office and apartment complex is built (assume that if the new complex is not built, the estimated numbers will remain unchanged).Estimated non-labor fixed costs: $4,500 per month. The number will increase to $6,500 after the new complex is built. Choice B: First rent a 1,000 square feet facility now; if the new office and apartment complex is approved by the city, you have the option to expend the rental space to a total 1,500 square feet (by contracting the next door rental space – the only way to expand the space in downtown area). The probability of the availability of that dditional 500 square feet space in this month next year is 80%.In addition, you estimate that the probability of the availability of that additional 500 square feet space after the new office and apartment complex is built is 0%. For this Choice B, you estimate The initial investment now: That includes the remodeling cost and t year rent which is $10,000 per month for this 1,000 square feet restaurant space. If you get the additional 500 square feet space, the remodeling cost is $200,000. The monthly rent for the total 1,500 space is $20,000.Estimated labor cost, cost of food nd service, and sales: 75% of those of the I-JO location before the new office and apartment complex is built; 125% of those of the I-JO location after the new office and apartment complex is built if no expansion is performed; two times of those of the I-JO location after the new office and apartment complex is built if the expansion is performed. Estimated non-labor fixed costs: $4,000 per month for the 1,000 square feet facility and $6,500 per month for the 1,500 square feet facility.You currently don't have any cash to start and run the business. You need to borrow oney to pay the initial investment and the franchise fee. You have two alternative ways to raise capital: Bank Option: The money can be financed from a Portland-based ABC bank at the annual compound rate: Wall Street Journal Prime Rate + 12%. If you loan from the ABC bank, there is no monthly payment. However, you must prepare one check to pay off your loan (principal plus interests) at the end of the seventh year.Early payoff is not allowed. Partnership Option: As an alternative, a local investment firm offers you the following financial â€Å"partnership† opportunity. Under the partnership agreement, the firm would rovide you all the cash needed to start the business (initial investment including all remodeling costs, and the franchise fee). In exchange for this, the firm would receive 80% of all your net profit at the end of the seventh year (if there is any).

Contingency Theory of Accommodation and Advocacy

â€Å"Contingency Theory of Accommodation and Advocacy† Contingency theory of accommodation/advocacy is a more realistic depiction of public relation strategies or models based on a continuum. The contingency theory represents the organizations possible stance on a wider range of publics than an individual one fostering rigid and exclusive categorization mostly found in a limited set communication models. Basically what the theory is getting at is opening the spectrum of the public to come to a more rounded synopsis of the issue or product. Amanda Cancel, Michael Mitrook, and Glen Cameron conceptualized the theory to offer a better understanding how the public relations field manages conflict and reaches out to the public in external communication. A study was done by 18 practitioners to see if the contingency theory made any sense to them. The theory itself offers 86 possible factors in the continuum at any given time to any given public. This allows the continuum offered to depict how an organizations stance toward one given public and not the outcome of the interaction with that public. The theory focuses then on what decisions led the organization to their stance in concern with greater or lesser accommodation to that public. One of the many factors suggests that more accommodation or more advocacy will be effective in gaining departmental and organizational objectives in the short and long term. The contingency theory further goes on to say that an accommodative stance, questionably a part of a two-way symmetrical communication may not be completely ethical, in fact it could be contrary and unethical to morally repugnant publics, for those who hold some positions to be morally absolute. A position of a moral magnitude holds more so than that of any belief in the dialogic process. This also bring into view ethical charges of paternalism and the convictions of an organization that advocacy is morally superior to two–way symmetrical communication. Communication processes such as dialogue, compromise, collaboration and cooperation denote agreement, but engaging in these degrees are not always on the highest moral position. In certain cases taking a moral stance means putting the ethical principle above two-way symmetrical communication. The contingency theory attempts to structure a better understanding to dynamics of accommodation and advocacy while institute the ethical aspects of accommodation to the efficacy in public relations. This is one sample method that was used in the study of contingency. The sample test consisted of eighteen different public relation managers, ranging from middle to upper class. There are varieties of large corporations and of the practitioners represents one from around the country. The practitioners selected all represent corporations that are equally or more exposed than other organizations to positive and negative contact with the general public. This is the first reason for their selection and the second reason is related to their overall knowledge of their corporation†s history and associated culture, in comparison to a part-time practitioner†s knowledge. The research was done in three logical divisions. The first section asked the interviewee about the valid continuum between advocacy and accommodation. The second section analytically covers possible variables that could affect the corporations† stances along the continuum and conveys associated models in conflict management. The third section summarizes the study into three groups: strongly supported variables, unsupported variables and new variables. Strengths for this study are insurmountable where in the entire variable range has such a broad spectrum that all aspects are covered. The variables of the business exposure and corporate culture are the two most allied aspects to the validity of the study itself. This offers the interviewer to collectively find out what is to be done and how it to be done in public relations to further a better advocacy of knowledge to public. The weaknesses that are also relative to the variables and the amount of time it takes to expend all the collected information of the interviewees. The study seems too extensive to possess any beneficial quality for the interviewer and interviewee and the information collected will not serve any purpose to the interviewee because they already are aware of what they know. An example of contingency of accommodation was where a Florida newspaper wanted to see how the public receiving their circulation felt towards it and what should be implemented in changing any problems the public saw as a hindrance. The contingency theory is, by any means, a good way of practicing public relations. One good test would be to see how accommodating one public stance and the corporation. For example, there is a property management company that owns a larger portion of the buildings in the city. A Planned Parenthood clinic wants to renew its lease but the company faces their other buildings being boycotted by anti-abortion groups. The property company hires you to try to advocate and accommodate the issues that are of major concern of this group. Is it possible to find a balance? What type of answers does the boycott want to here and what are possible changes for this altercation? The contingency theory possesses many positive attributes on focus toward accommodation of the publics† expressed feelings. The key asset of the construction is the emphasis of mutual communication and prescriptive input towards the public. In that, keeping a wide range of possibility and precedent for organization of apparent issues. The major weakness is extreme accommodation towards one public in turn causing total disregard of issues and disproportionate conflict to another. The motive is then fixed to two-way symmetrical communication and improved stance of the model.