Pestle analysis of the Wood Group

Pestle analysis of the Wood Group The wood group was founded in 1912 by Wood and Davison which the company used for ship repair and marine engineering firm to services the fishing fleet. In 1970s oil gas reserves were discovered in the North Sea and presented an ideal opportunity to convert marine engineering experience into engineering and support services. During the late 1990s Wood Group Engineering (North Sea) became a market leader in the North Sea providing integrated engineering, operations and maintenance services to BP, Shell, Talisman, Amerada Hess, BG, Enterprise Oil and ChevronTexaco. The company now is a leading independent services provider for the oil gas and power generation markets. Currently the main focus of the company is on the environment by establishing the renewable energy services group and expanding their scope of operations within the alternative energy industry. Wood group also known as John wood group is an energy services provider. The company is organised into to three divisions: 1. Engineering and production facilities 2. Industrial gas turbines overhaul and repair services for oil gas and power generation services. 3. Production support The core strengths of wood group are: facility operations maintenance, field service of pumps, wellheads and valves clients, procurement construction management, deepwater topsides, rotating equipments and power solutions, and renewable energy. The wood group operates mainly in Europe and North America. It is headquartered in Aberdeen and employs about 29,000 worldwide and operating in 50 countries. In 2009 the wood group recorded revenues of $4,927.1 million, the operating income of $298.5 million and the net profit of $164.2 million. Wood Group vision is to be a leading global energy services provider. The company global reputations has been built upon decades by offering a broad range of integrated services across the asset lifecycle and successfully managing the most complex engagements for their clients. They consistently seek to provide services and products that are recognised as market-leading and attempt to exceed their customers expectations and deliver superior returns. Wood group strategy is to achieve long-term sustainable growth by adding value to their customers operations with world-leading, highly differentiated products and services. PESTLE PESTLE analysis describes the macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning components of strategic management. It can be use for reviewing a situation, direction of a company, a marketing proposition, or an idea. The analysis is a useful tool for taking advantage of the opportunities and reducing the threats. Without knowing what external factors affect the organisation, it is difficult to manage the business in an efficient manner. Figure 1: Macro-Economic Environment Summary of PESTLE: Political World energy product markets have been increasing because of the threat of geopolitics instability. Due to Co2 emission, government has set pressure on industry to improve and produce more sustainable form of energy There are trading polices with certain countries Restriction to import and export to certain countries Restriction doing business with certain countries. Fines for industry that pollute the environment. Government taxes and price controls Economics Alternative high -quality energy technology increases the companys revenue as customers seek for less greenhouse gas emissions Companies benefit producing certain products from developing countries due to its cheaper labour cost. Market is unstable as world economy is coming out of a world recession Global economies are expected to grow within few years and energy demand will grow again. Social/culture Lately the nation has become more concern about the environment and their view has been more encouraging for renewable energy product. Life expectancy is relevant to the companys labour force. Company benefit in countries with higher life expectancy. Health workplaces for oil and gas industry services are essential for long term success. Technological Renewable energy technologies have been increase to reduce the fossil fuels. E.g. Technologies such as wind power, tidal wave, hydroelectricity etc, Many governments are providing tax advantages and other subsidies to make alternative energy sources more competitive against oil and gas. Lots of research and development have taken place to promote further renewable energy. Legal The policy includes strong new safety standards for offshore drilling including demonstrations of ability to respond to future blowouts. Heavy penalties for safety violations. Carbon taxes i.e. penalties polluting the environment at a certain level. Legislative measures are used in order to force business into behaving in a more environmentally sound manner Environmental Due to concern over the risk of global warming, a number of countries have adopted regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions High quality technology been research for better alternative energy performance Industries been using program to identify ways to reduce carbon by: managing waste more efficiently, using piloting carbon footprint measurements and exploring potential solutions for saving energy. Description and detailed information of PESTLE are found in Appendix (A). 5 forces analysis 5 forces of model analysis is commonly used tool for competitive environment and its attractiveness of a market. Figure 2- 5 forces of analysis: (https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3xnn0wBc6NmuWosRqrCpxFb_Ffs-oL_83wzMzQIw8vGJ6SpQkfnVX3QeD9HyL85BOe8-fRyfAsR8gGKUOlCw-XXm91TzH5ZAnRbpGkKnzDMRAiAzmXSZ1PgRQRmrBb5tFkEH5SU39zQhV/s1600/porters-five-forces2.jpg) Barriers to Entry (High) This force describes the level of entry of other companies to enter this type of industry. If the entry of the company is high the company would lose it profitability. Barrier to entry to these type of industry are high due to: Large access to the suppliers and distributors ensuring widespread energy provision. High technology cost Dominated by major players Mature market Strict government policy and environment regulation requirements to operate in oil and gas services industry. Large economies of scale required to achieve cost leadership which is essential in energy provision. Large capital requirements to set-up operations Importance of ethical brand identity because of nature of market (loyalty as a barrier). Existing players have close customer relations .e.g. from a long-term service contacts. High proprietary learning curve due to technological focus on alternative energy industry. Competitive Rivalry (medium) This force describes the intensity of competition between existing companies. Within the oil gas and energy services provider the competition rivalry between existing players are medium because of: High exit barriers. Not many major players in this type of industry. High capital costs Companies with similar strategies High industry growth as alternative energy is vital for the long term future of the industry. Various rivals in rationale for strategies to invest and enter industry. High switching cost Threat of substitute (low) Threat of substitute exists if there are alternative products with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose. This would reduce the demand for a particular product and therefore would be a threat of consumers switching to alternatives. Threat of substitute is low because lack of alternative renewable energy and only large industry can afford the renewable energy products. Threat of substitute would be high if a company provides the latest technology and specialised services. Bargaining power of buyers (low) Bargaining power of customers determines how much customers can impose pressure on margins and volumes. The buyers for energy service industry hunt for excellent quality product but with lower prices and for a better contract term. Bargaining of power for these industries is low because: The brand loyalty is high Availability of substitutes is low Buyer incentives is high, in terms of tax breaks and energy provider buy-backs Buyers volume are low Low bargaining force of buyers Depends service standards Low elasticity Switching to alternative product is difficult Bargaining power of suppliers (high) Bargaining of supplier is the input required in order to provide the goods. The bargaining power of suppliers is high because: The market is dominated by few large suppliers The switching cost are high There is not much substitute for providing field service of pumps, wellheads, rotating equipments, power solutions, renewable energy etc. The energy services are mostly dominated by major companies. For these industries large amount of capital investment required significantly to reduces the number of companies and increase the power of existing players in the industry. The suppliers in UK are threatened by large companies able to source their product abroad at cheaper deals. Appendix (A) -PESTLE Political The oil and gas services industry has to follow a string of both provincial and federal government regulations when it comes to the production of energy resources. There are potential fines and sanctions that can be set by various governmental. Wood group operating in a globalized environment with industries around the globe (now operates in 46 countries globally in continents such as Australia, Europe, Middle East and the U.S.); its performance is highly influenced by the political and legislative conditions of these countries when it comes to production of energy resources. Their operations can adversely affect by political or regulation developments which are: Access limitations A number of countries limit access to their oil and gas resources, or may place resources off-limits from development on the whole. Many countries also restrict the import or export of certain products based on point of origin. Fines There could be potential sanctions and fined by the governments if they dont follow their legal procedure. Government wants to make sure their product is environmentally friendly. Restrictions on doing business As a British company, wood group is subject to laws prohibiting British companies from doing business in certain countries, or restricting the kind of business that may be conducted. Regulatory Even in countries with well-developed legal systems where Wood group does business, they remain exposed to changes in law that could adversely affect their results, such as increases in taxes or government royalty rates (including retroactive claims); price controls; or other laws that increase their cost of compliance. Economics Economic factors are of concern to wood group, because they are likely to influence demand, costs, prices and profits. One of the most influential factors on the economy is the global oil market prices that are primarily influenced by demand and supply forces. Supply shortage causes an upward movement in the price pressure. This may perhaps be due to factors such as: Unplanned refinery shortage Unexpected demand increases Pipeline problems Companys revenue will increase if they provide good quality sources of alternative energy as government seeks environmentally free energy source. Market is unstable as world economy is coming out of a world recession and lower oil and gas prices contributed to a reduction in global E P expenditure of around 15% in 2009. However global economies are expected to grow within few years time and energy demand will grow again. Social/cultural The company involves in many countries where population age, health and attitude vary. By identifying differences and similarities in culture to gain a better understanding of the culture issues related to the industry. Lately the nation had become more concern about the environment and their view has been more encouraging for renewable energy product. Health and safety are one of the main goals of wood groups business principles. Achieving and maintaining high standards of performance in health and safety plays an integral role in the sustainability of their long-term reputation and success. As health is part of wood groups vision, their goal is to improve the quality of occupational health management by: Maintaining a healthy workplace Controlling more effectively the health risks arising from their activities Promoting the benefit of healthy lifestyles for their employees via campaigns and health fairs Life expectancy is relevant to the companys labour force. In developed countries their life expectancy are high and therefore the work force labour would be greater compare to the developing countries. Technological Renewable energy technologies have been increase to reduce the fossil fuels. Many governments are providing tax advantages and other subsidies to make alternative energy sources more competitive against oil and gas. Governments are also promoting research into new technologies to reduce the cost and increase the scalability of alternative energy sources. Wood Group delivers solutions to maximize the availability of wind turbines, wave energy systems and other renewable energy projects. Wood Group is expanding its reach into the renewable energy industry and offers a dynamic set of specialized technical consultancy services to meet the needs of their global customers. Wood Group is the worlds leading solution-independent engineering and management services provider for subsea developments and pipelines. Their reputation is built upon strong technical excellence and efficient project delivery. Wood group are technology leaders in several areas such as cryogenic pipelines, remote sensing, pipeline stabilisation and flow assurance. Legal Various government legislations and policies have a direct impact on the performance of Wood Group. National governments are concern with the environmental issues so therefore legislative measures are used in order to force business into behaving in a more environmentally sound manner. The policy includes strong new safety standards for offshore drilling including demonstrations of ability to respond to future blowouts and heavy penalties for safety violations. Environmental Due to concern over the risk of global warming, a number of countries have adopted regulatory frameworks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These include carbon taxes, increase efficiency standards and incentives for renewable energy. These requirements could make Wood Group products more expensive and reduce demand for hydrocarbons, as well as shifting hydrocarbon demand toward relatively lower-carbon sources such as natural gas. Wood group has attempted to minimise adverse environmental impacts for their operations. In 2009, they introduced a carbon footprint pilot programme to help a better understanding of carbon management and identify ways to reduce carbon use throughout their operations. The program includes managing waste more efficiently, piloting carbon footprint measurements and explore potential solutions for saving energy. http://www.economywatch.com/energy-economy/crude-oil-prices.html http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=20100302070000P5044 APPENDIX B 5 forces Barrier to entry (high) There are many oil gas industry services companies in the world, but barriers to enter to these types are enough to prevent the serious companies. Barriers to entry are high due to the high capital cost, significant regulatory environment and existence of scale economies are required to operate within the industry. Recently an oil and gas service industry is growing at a very strong rate which is attractive to new entrants as alternative energy is essential at this time of the world. However due to present economic difficulty has contributed a large decline in attractiveness in these industries which deterrent the potential entrants. To maintain with the leading players in the industry strong research and development capability is required. http://energybusinessdaily.com/power/barriers-of-entry-into-the-energy-industry/ Competitive Rivalry (medium) Analyzing an energy company it is really important to look at the particular region in which the company operating. The customers can choose their product by companies services standard and speed of delivery of their product. Technology can change the nature and the basis of rivalry among existing competitors in several ways. It can dramatically modify the cost structure and hence affect pricing decisions. The role of technology in product differentiation and switching costs are also important in rivalry. Another potential impact of technology on rivalry is through its effect on exit barriers. Wood group rivalries are Aker Solutions, AMEC, KBR, Technip, Worley Parsons, and Baker Hughes. Wood Group is the leading oil and gas services in the North Sea. (ref). Wood Group global reputation has been built by successfully managing the most complex engagements for their customers, offering a wide range of integrated services across the asset life has noticeably increased the profitability of Wood Group business. http://www.woodgroup.com/about-us/doing-business-with-us/pages/default.aspx Threat of substitute (low) The threat of substitutes for energy services are low as they are generally gas, wind power, solar power, coal and hydroelectricity. Therefore they are not much substitute for renewable energy and only big company can have those products due to a very high capital cost. The threats of substitute of these types companies are commonly with those who offer better technology and specialised services such as directional drilling. (http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/oil_services.asp) Bargaining power of buyers (low) The bargaining power of buyers for Wood Group has increased by developing strong relationships by providing reliable project delivery and cost-effective. Their success in these areas is established by the continuing relationships with the integrated operators, national oil companies, independent operators and power companies throughout the world. http://www.woodgroup.com/about-us/doing-business-with-us/pages/default.aspx Bargaining power of suppliers (high) The energy services are mostly dominated by major companies. For these types of industries large amount of capital investment required significantly to reduces the number of companies and increase the power of existing players in the industry. The oil and gas services suppliers in UK are threatened by large companies able to source their product abroad at cheaper deals.

In the Context of the Years 1558-1660 to Further the English Reformation?

In studies of Puritanism as a movement from 1558-1660, historians have debated over the definition of the word ‘puritan’ because of the changing nature of the movement as it responded to various political, social and religious developments. The conventional historical interpretation shared by historians Christianson and Wrightson is that ‘Puritan’ more narrowly referred to the ‘hotter sort of protestants’ who, although theologically indistinguishable from their Anglican counter-parts, actively sought reform of the established church from within whilst maintaining some doctrinal reservations.This definition encompasses the understanding that Puritanism was a distinct movement to further the English reformation, yet does not account for the greater circle of puritanical separatists who wished to leave the church altogether. Therefore it is best to adopt the widest description offered by Kearney in defining Puritanism as the â€Å"circle of discon tent both within and without the Established Church from the 1560s onwards†¦ What was common to all [the critics]†¦ was a vision of what the Church of Christ ought to be if it were stripped of externals and inessentials.Where they differed†¦ was in their view of what was external and inessential†. This interpretation more accurately allows for Puritanism to be understood in light of its constantly evolving ‘vision’ and ‘set of values’ through the years, which manifested in forms such as Presbyterianism in the 1580s and the political backbone of the Parliamentary force during the Civil War as interpreted by many a historian, including revisionist and Marxist historians. Wrightson argues that in 1558, to the Puritans, the church was â€Å"†¦half reformed.They were anxious to push ahead†¦ to move urgently towards ‘further reformation’† of the Elizabethan settlement. Whilst relieved by the succession of a prote stant monarch, many Puritans were urgent to pursue moderate reform of the settlement, to purge it of the ‘rags of Rome’, specifically from within the hierarchy of the Church of England. Edmund Grindal’s career as Archbishop is an example of moderate Puritanism acting as a force to further the reformation from within the established church.Indeed, Grindals swift promotion by the influential hand of Burghley and an anonymous letter sent to Grindal by a member of the Privy Council upon his appointment, strongly suggests there was an inter-governmental campaign by those of significantly higher office to promote Puritan leaders. It is clear that their intention was that â€Å"If reform was to come from within the establishment, there would never be a more favourable opportunity [to advance Puritanism]†.Supported by Collinson, this shows of how â€Å"progressive bishops [were] acting as catspaws for nervous courtiers in promoting moderate reform†. For mod erate Puritans, the desire to pursue the reformation over-shadowed the controversy of accepting Episcopal office. Through laying stresses on the churches pastoral rather than disciplinary aspects, it seemed that an alliance between hierarchy and Puritans might be possibly on the basis of a shared desire for moderate church reform.Therefore, among the first generation of Elizabethan bishops, Puritanism was set apart as a religious force within the national church that â€Å"tarry[ied] with the magistrate† to achieve a reformation of the national church. However, evidence suggests that many Puritans who had accepted preferment into the hierarchy of the church neglected furthering a national reformation to pursue a reformation within the localities. As parliamentary reform was stunted in 1576, and Elizabeth I actively opposed activities such as prophesyings â€Å"†¦ younger generation of [Calvinist] clergy and academics†¦[became] disillusioned by the failure of the bi shops to continue the process of reformation† and instead devoted themselves to itinerant preaching as a means of reconstituting the church from among the localities. This local activism changed the dynamic of Puritanism from pursuing a top-down structural reformation of the church through parliament, to one of localised grass-roots evangelisation. Indeed, activities such as ‘prophesying’ led by men such as Thomas Lever were not a part of the official programme of the established church.Instead Puritans sought to establish an alternative form of ministry in response to the dissatisfaction with the biblically ignorant clergy; they had the intent on promoting a unity of belief based on assent rather than on ecclesiastical authority, a form of reformation which distinctly encouraged non-conformity to the church hierarchy. Increasingly, as Acheson has argued, Puritanism was becoming a force to further the reformation through the education and communication of the word God, in defiance of the ecclesiastical authorities, sharing similarities with radical spiritual movements that had appeared on the continent.Additionally, Hill has argued that among the localities, Puritanism acted as a social force in undermining the educational functions of the established church. The social impact of the preaching of the word, with its increased popularity revealed the monopoly of control the established church had over the formation of opinion. This understanding is clear from the 1580s through to the 1640s as in 1587 the high commission persecuted Bishop Cooper of Winchester for preaching. State censoring of the printing press elevated the importance of preaching as the only accessible means of via communication to the illiterate masses. †¦ preaching†¦ fulfilled the religious function of a confessional – it became a source of guidance on moral and economic conduct†. The issues of church and state were indeed closely parallel. The bishops tried to maintain a monopoly over the production of opinion, driving unlicensed competitors away by the power of the state while many Puritans evolved a theoretical justification of free trade in ideas in order to raise the educational and disciplinary level of all churchgoers.To the hierarchy, this pursuit had explosive anarchic possibilities that threatened state authority. Puritanism had started to become a force of social and spiritual enlightenment so that when the state deprived ministers of their licenses and lodgings, many of the average educated laymen sympathized with the Puritans, resulting in the beginnings of what Hill has interpreted as class resistance to the hierarchy.However, the focus of Puritanism from parliament as the vehicle for reformation to the localities meant Puritanism took the form as a grassroots Presbyterian movement, an extension of the hierarchical Puritans stress on the parishes for communal reformation, radicalising and decentralising the focus of reformation away from state institutions and to the ‘godly minority’.The nature of this dissatisfied ‘classis’ movement, meant that the Puritan campaign for ‘further reformation’ uniquely advocated a return to an apostolic ideal that sought the establishment of a church through conference, with an independent Confession of Faith and form of discipline. The consequence of such gatherings, led by men such as Laurence Thomson was the intensification of a separatist mentality that abandoned trust in the church establishment in favour of freely associating congregations, reflecting the disestablishmentarian qualities that would develop into separatism.Spurr has therefore argued that Elizabethan Puritanism cannot be described as a single force to further a single view of reformation. Instead, â€Å"It is a set of values and aspirations which gets re-defined†¦ in response to different circumstances†. By the late 16th century separatism be came a pursuit of â€Å"reformation without tarrying for any†. The dashed hopes of Puritans in furthering the reformation through parliament meant it necessarily became a movement of spiritual intensity â€Å"advocating preaching†¦pursuing a moral reformation†.Puritanism was a reactionary movement that necessarily re-defined itself during the Elizabethan era according to the achievability of its goals, determined by the changing sympathies of those in power, particularly the monarch. Disaffected by the failure to achieve substantial godly reform, Elizabethan Puritanism and its momentum had been halted until Elizabeth’s death. The pursuit of reformation by Jacobean Puritans from 1603 has been described as one fighting â€Å"false doctrine, corrupted sinful human influence and superstitious practice†; a reformation based upon furthering individual biblical piety.Those of puritan inclination had begun to be the most conscientious and active in the task of evangelizing the people, a task that confronted Puritan evangelists with the reality of the state of popular religion; a faith of â€Å"formality and devotion† reliant upon repetitious, ritualistic prayer. Theologically the Jacobean church was broadly Calvinistic and instead it was the application of godly living to ‘superstitious cultural practices’ that was the focus of the Puritan pursuit for reformation.Consequentially, the pursuit for communal reformation, in the early 17th Century, meant Puritan moral and spiritual values had begun to transform communities, especially in market towns. A study by Hutton shows a correlation between the gradual disappearance of traditional festivities and the activism of local Puritan groups who imposed sabbatarianism and punished any ‘ungodly’ activities according to their impulses for reformation. For example, the arrest book in the town of Dorchester which was dominated by a Puritan group from 1610 onwards r ecalls numerous arrests on market day for swearing or getting drunk.Supported by Underdown, these popular cultural activities deeply concerned Puritans as a strict morality was essential as a sign of an individual’s ‘elect’ status. The vigorous and sometimes violent activism therefore was a fundamentally religiously motivated practice, aimed at a moral and spiritual reformation. However, by the 1630s Acheson argues that Puritan pursuits for reformation among the localities became reactionary to Lauds policies, leading to the growth of separatism. Puritanical separatists represented a religiously disaffected minority which ould shape Puritanism to be a dangerous political movement, a future cause of the English Civil War by bringing â€Å"disparate religious forces in a common opposition to episcopacy†. The monopoly of power held by the Arminians over church policy meant there was strong Puritan opposition in Parliament to semi-catholic activities made lawf ul under Charles I. Between 1630 and 1640 66 members of the Canterbury diocese went elsewhere for sermons as opposed to just four in the years 1620-1629.Wrightson has argued, â€Å"the Arminian victory in the church†¦shattered the Jacobean Consensus within which Puritan evangelists in the localities had been able to shelter†. Consequently, Puritanism contributed to a broader popular revolt of opinion to the prevailing Government and the Arminian claims to hold a monopoly on truth. This created a climate of intolerance, one that made attending church services an activity that was intolerable to a large minority of people. This isolation of a Catholic fearing, Calvinistic majority strengthened the political and spiritual urgency for Puritan action that would define the parliamentary movement in 1640.Contrastingly, Wrightson has argued that renewed parliamentary, particularly religious opposition to Charles I, re-shaped Puritanism from being concerned with matters of church governance, to matters of royal prerogative and divine rule. Whilst opposition to Arminianism defined much opposition to Charles I, it was the inability of the commons to direct religious affairs with an unsympathetic monarch that was cause of the parliamentary, Puritan frustration. In the commons, by 1629, charges of heterodoxy were made against Laud and speeches were being made linking Arminianism and Catholicism with Spanish Tyranny.This mindset is best reflected in Sir Benjamin Rudyard’s Long Parliament speech where he said that the Arminian â€Å"†¦masterpiece now, is to make all those of the religion the suspected party of the Kingdom†. Puritanism had started to become, through the House of Commons, the direct, vocal opposition to Arminianism. There was a greater and renewed depth to the Puritan opposition by equating Arminianism with Catholic tyranny and the destruction of ancient constitutional liberties. Puritan concerns became nationalised being now cen tred on a Monarch perceived to be the ‘capital enemy to the†¦Commonwealth’ on both constitutional and religious grounds. Puritanism, as expressed by the Commons, was now an anti-monarchic force, a movement of national political as well as religious dissent. Marxist historian Hill has argued that Puritanism was a revolutionary social force which, because of its promotion of practical devotion and godliness, provided a new social ethic which converged with the needs of 16th and 17th Century bourgeoisie. Hill argues that Puritanical labour values fulfilled an economic function which benefited agricultural and industrial production as the hiring of cheap labour became a form of ‘poor relief’.Puritanism had the effect of promoting a body of ideas that encouraged dignity in labour for its own sake, providing smaller artisans and merchants with an excuse to exploit the poor as cheap labour. This economic desperation led to Puritans to devote their preaching t o promoting employment. Most notably, when a congregation of merchants gathered at the annual Stourbridge Fair to listen to the divine William Perkins, the list of towns represented are all notorious Puritan centres.The evidence would suggest that the complimenting values of cheap labour and Puritanism meant it was not solely a force that pursued any kind of reformation, whether that is moral or individual. Instead it became a social force â€Å"to root out idleness† with a special emphasis on the duty of working hard, for extolling the dignity of labour. Alternatively, Collinson has argued that Hill’s interpretation fails to note of Puritanism’s most spectacular successes were in converting elements of the ‘feudal’ class that Marxist historians have said it was trying to destroy; suggesting Puritanism was not a force for social revolution.Collinson argues that because â€Å"the [Puritan] propaganda†¦stood in as much need of noble protectionâ € ¦success belonged to those with their hands on the strongest levers†. Consequently, through commanding the sympathies of upper class gentry such as Leicester until 1588 and the Earl of Bedford on the eve of the civil war, Puritanism was able to achieve further reformation as a result of hierarchical support. These powerful individuals â€Å"served to render effective a vigilant†¦ puritan policy† which would be more important to the Puritan cause of furthering the reformation in its public consequences.Therefore, Puritanism was not a social revolutionary force which sought to destroy the Gentry classes but instead united the classes as a force that throughout 1558-1640 pursued the reformation by providing a safe social environment within the localities for Puritans to operate. Contrastingly, evidence suggests that support for Puritanism from among the merchant classes was more to do with reducing ‘popish idleness’ and therefore working towards a mor e ‘godly’ and reformed society. Puritans perceived issues of vagabondage and idleness as social consequences of Catholicism.For example, there was great disapproval over monks and nuns because â€Å"for all they do nothing† they nevertheless â€Å"riot lavishly of other folks’ labours†. They were parasitic rentiers – and these perceptions of idleness, to Puritans, had invaded the thought of the ‘sinful beggar’. Therefore, whilst many lower-middle class merchants were motivated by economic reasons to encourage Puritanism, it is too simplistic of Marxist historians to identify Puritanism as a force to manipulate class tensions.In fact, the over-riding motivational factor was the belief that they were serving God’s purposes by hiring the idle poor; they believed they were furthering the Godly reformation of both the ‘commonwealth’ and of the ‘reprobate’. Alternatively, Hill has argued that the secret victory of Puritanism was infact the cultural acceptance of Puritan values that was the result of a â€Å"strenuous intellectual effort†. Jeremy Collier was a Puritan who finally led to victory Puritanism’s battle against immorality of the stage.The social aspects of his attitude: â€Å"†¦ [the divulging] of poets only tends to debauch mankind and†¦of civil life† was the cause and effect of those views. Particularly, the restoration of sexualised theatre was attacked vigorously by Puritans such as Thomas Gouge. Arguably, the revival of an established preaching ministry post-1630s marks a significant transformation in how Puritanism contributed to a revolution of ‘social thought’.Puritanism had successfully influenced the culture in a way as to make their intellectual and social considerations mainstream within the established church. Puritanism had succeeded in acting as a force to promote a set of culturally impacting practices which was to then reflect onto the opinions of the people to transform England’s society, through impacting the culture. During the civil war, Marxist historians have interpreted the role of Puritanism as a unique social revolutionary force.Hill has highlighted that Puritanism was among the â€Å"flowering of radical, democratic and egalitarian notions among the common people† which he argues was part of an inevitable class struggle which defined the years 1642-1660 as a time of ‘revolution’. However, revisionist historians such as Dow have accustomed to the idea that in the 1640s and 1650s Puritanism was not a force confined to the struggle of one social group in an attempt to re-shape the social or political order. Instead, he has argued that England â€Å"†¦witnessed†¦ adical religious groups whose†¦ concern was to attack the notion of a disciplined, established national church†. Ignited by decades of religious oppression Puritanism had a r enewed spiritual intensity that for the first time in 100 years was united in the pursuit of one common goal; the reformation of the established national church centred on opposition to the royal supremacy. Historical debate therefore centres on whether Puritanism was a ‘revolutionary force’ against the crown preceding and during the Civil War.Revisionist, Collinson has argued that from 1635-1640 and the opening of the long parliament, Puritanism acted as a stabilising conservative force in preserving the true Protestant Religion upon which the throne and God’s favour was predicated. Indeed, Puritanism, whilst substantially growing pre-1640, was hardly a revolutionary force dissent was expressed in lawful, peaceful means of the King-in-Parliament via ordered national days of prayer and fasting. However, the sharp rise in frequency of prayer and fasting days in the 1640s which reached a total of 24 in 1643 suggests that this activity reflected instead a ‘spi ritual revolution’.What made Puritanism a revolutionary force was a perception among the Godly that they had to choose between two masters; to seek truth by obeying God or, to obey earthly authority. They chose the former. Charles I and Laud had created the very Puritanism that they dreaded, changing Puritanism from being a lawful conservative movement to one of forced religious and political radicalism founded upon unshakeable spiritual conviction. What Gardiner called ‘the puritan revolution’ had begun.Supported by McGiffert, this radicalised movement was an extension of the pursuit of a further reformation through the re-establishment of a national covenant. The Protestation that was introduced into the Commons on 3 May 1641 demanded that the swearer promise to defend â€Å"the true reformed religion†¦ against all†¦popish innovation in this realm†. A covenant of the Solemn League in 1643 bound England and Scotland together â€Å"to†¦ the reformation of the Church of England†. These national covenants were a direct attempt by Puritans to impose a spiritual reformation upon all the subscribers to the covenants.The advocates of these covenants thus saw themselves as fighting a war between against the ungodly and believed that they were holding the King accountable for breaking his covenant to defend the faith. It is important to recognise the great paradigm shift that took place within the English political establishment by 1646. Puritanism had embarked on flights ten times more daring than the Elizabethan agitation for ‘further reformation’, and a hundred times more devastating in its political consequences.The dynamic of the Puritan movement during the ‘Puritan Revolution’ is evidence that, as a force in the pursuit of a ‘godly reformation’, Puritanism demanded the spiritual renewal of an entire people that shook the English political establishment forever. In conclusion, Puritanism as a force between the years 1558-1660 to further the English reformation cannot be assessed as a singular movement united under one pursuit at any period. There is no doubt that Puritanism was born out of a sense of religious and spiritual dissatisfaction centred on the lack of progress of a ‘godly reformation’.It did however have a significantly broader social impact on England that surpassed simply religious reform. As Hill interpreted, Puritanism, most significantly in post-Elizabethan England prevailed as a force to impact upon the practices of the individuals, transforming social attitudes and the national conscience concerning labour and the national church. By acting as a force that sought to transform the culture, via popular opinion, Puritanism was able to make the religious and political advancements by the 1660s that they’d battled for decades.However, revisionist historian Patrick Collinson has rightly observed that whilst Puritanism was additionally a force for the promotion of distinct social thought â€Å"†¦ [it] was merely an outward expression of the aroused inner conscience†. After 1590 Puritanism as a political force had temporarily subsided and as there was a profound alteration in religious culture, the desires and aspirations for the pursuit of a godly reformation became internalised and ‘reformation’ had become an act of continual and deliberate submission to the divine will and purpose.It is within this understanding of the Puritan conscience that one can conclude the very identity of Puritanism as a force in the years 1558-1660 as of one in the direct pursuit of furthering the reformation. The first generation of Elizabethan bishops shared the Puritanical fervour for the encouragement of prophesyings and individual piety. This internal pursuit and conviction, from which Puritan action was born continued in spite of changing circumstances. The separatism of the 1630s and even the ‘Puritan Revolution’ in the 1640s was the result of this internalised fiery Puritan spirituality n which covenanting with God within either an individual, local or national context was the central and fundamental pursuit of Puritanism as a force to further the reformation. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Elizabeth I and Religion by Susan Doran 1994 [ 2 ]. The Emergence of a Nation State: The Commonwealth of England 1529-1660, Ch. 18, pg 147 ‘The challenge to the Church: Puritan opposition and Catholic threat’ by Alan G. R. Smith [ 3 ]. Lecture 10 – Early Modern England: Politics, Religion, and Society under the Tudors and Stuarts – chapter 3 – Protestants [ 4 ].The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson – Moderate Courses – Grindal pg 160 [ 5 ]. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson – pg 161 â €“ ‘Anonymous Letter’ â€Å"It is greatly hoped for by the godly and well-affected of this realm that your lordship will prove a profitable instrument in that calling; especially in removing the corruptions in the court† It is suggested that either Walsingham or Mildmay wrote this letter, but scholars are uncertain. [ 6 ].Elizabeth I and Religion 1558-1603 by Susan Doran – Puritans pg 34 [ 7 ]. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson – The Beginnings of a Party pg 51 – Thomas Lever was Archdeacon of Coventry [ 8 ]. Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England – The preaching of the word by Christopher Hill [ 9 ]. Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England by Christopher Hill – ‘The Preaching of the Word’ [ 10 ]. Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England by Christopher Hill – ‘The Preaching of the Word’ [ 11 ].The Elizabethan Puritan movement by Patrick Collinson ‘The Early Presbyterian movement’ [ 12 ]. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson – ‘The Early Presbyterian Movement† pg 135. [ 13 ]. Lecture 18 – Street Wars of Religion: Puritans and Arminians – Professor Wrightson of Yale University [ 14 ]. Lecture 18 – Street Wars of Religion: Puritans and Arminians – ’38 Puritans were severely punished by Laud acting from the Star Chamber – they were pilloried and had their ears slit off’. 15 ]. Radical Puritans in England 1550-1660 – ‘The Two Smoaking Firebrands’: Laud and the Growth of Religious Separatism – pg 36 – Table 2: Presentments for religious offences in the diocese of Canterbury, 1590-1640 [ 16 ]. In 1634 Lathrop and 30 members of his congregation left for America following the growing pressures of the authorities. [ 17 ]. The Early Stuarts 1603-1640 by Katherine Brice Chapter 6, Religion, 1603-1 640. [ 18 ].English Puritanism – ‘Jacobean Puritanism: Gestation And Rebirth’ – Sir Benjamin Rudyards speech to the Long Parliament â€Å"They have brought it to pass that under the name of Puritans all our religion is branded†¦whosoever squares his actions by any rule either divine or human is a puritan; whosoever would be governed by the king’s law, he is a Puritan†¦their masterpiece now, is to make all those of the religion the suspected party of the Kingdom†. [ 19 ]. English Puritanism – Puritanism and Society: Towns include: King’s Lynn, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Coventry, Northampton and Leicester [ 20 ].Puritanism & Revolution by Christopher Hill – ‘William Perkins and the Poor’ [ 21 ]. Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England by Christopher Hill – ‘Conclusion’. [ 22 ]. Radicalism in the English Revolution 1640-1660 by F. D. Dow – ‘The Debate on the English Revolution’ [ 23 ]. Radicalism in the English Revolution 1640-1660 by F. D. Dow- ‘ The Religious Radicals’ [ 24 ]. FAST DAYS AND FACTION: THE STRUGGLE FOR REFORMATION, ORDER, AND UNITY IN ENGLAND 1558 – C. 1640 By Thomas Cornell Doumaux [ 25 ]. English Puritanism by Patrick Collinson [ 26 ]. English Puritanism by Patrick Collinson

Asbestos Removal †Essential for Healthy Living Essay

For all those who spend most of their time indoors, whether it is their home or office, the environment of these living spaces has a straight affect on their health. Therefore, it is essential for individuals to ensure that atmosphere in which they and their family members live, is secured and healthy. In most commercial and residential buildings, asbestos is used quite extensively. With high tensile strength, it is a highly heat resistant material that comes with good insulating properties. Asbestos is mostly used in manufacturing building materials such roofing, ceiling tiles, insulators and many other building supplies. It is considered a harmless material provided that the building supply in which it is used is undamaged. However, with the depletion of these building products, it becomes necessary to remove them as it starts releasing minute asbestos fibers into the air. Generally, most of these building supplies are labeled to indicate whether they comprise asbestos or not. If there is no such label, it becomes very essential to opt for asbestos testing Toronto to verify any presence of asbestos. Such tests help to ensure that the home is safe and free from exposure to asbestos. Asbestos may have harmful effects on the health as minute particles might get breathed into the lungs that can be cause of lung diseases. For this reason, asbestos removal Barrie is so important. As asbestos is commonly used in the manufacture of building materials due to its high insulating qualities thus it is crucial to test asbestos when individuals renovate or shift into a new house. It is always a good choice to hire experienced professionals expert in the technique of asbestos removal as they are aware of the set rules and regulations. One the most common organic contaminations that might occur indoors are the molds, which are mostly seen in places that lack proper ventilation and have presence of any damp areas inside the home or office. Molds can be found mostly in ceilings, wallpapers, underneath carpets, basements, bathrooms, kitchens, and places near a wet area. Even though it is very minute and can be hardly seen with naked eyes, it can be cause of various health issues. Mold inspection Toronto becomes apparent, if individuals happen to detect any signs of molds at their home or office. Molds can be easily removed with help of mold removal Barrie services. The presence of molds would not only affect the health but also damage the house, making it unsafe and unhealthy for the occupants. In such circumstances, mold testing Toronto helps to identify the type of mold, the degree of damage and the techniques required to remove them. When individuals hire services of professional experts, they can be assured that mold would be completely removed and that no place in the home or office is left out. Molds can affect health of those persons trying to remove molds on their own. Thus, it is necessary that this task is carried out by someone who has knowledge and experience to perform the work efficiently and effectively. The most vital thing is to take act immediately whenever there is any indication that the home or office has been attacked by molds.

photo 100 Essay - 3980 Words

Question 1: A pixel is the basic binary digit used by computers. You Answered: False Correct Answer: False Question 2: The Bauhaus was a pre-World War II advertising agency that notably used Laszlo Moholy-Nagy’s photographs. You Answered: False Correct Answer: False Question 3: A lower ISO number means the camera is more sensitive to light, whereas a higher number means the camera is less sensitive to light. You Answered: True Correct Answer: False Question 4: The shutter speed and the sensor chip are the primary controls for adjusting the amount of light that enters the camera. You Answered: False Correct Answer: False Question 5: Laszlo Moholy-Nagy generally abided by the strict†¦show more content†¦You Answered: True Correct Answer: True Question 7: Giacomo Battista Beccaria and Johann Heinrich Schultz independently discovered silver nitrate, a substance more light sensitive than silver chloride. You Answered: False Correct Answer: False Question 8: Which of the following early digital cameras was popular with photojournalists when it was first introduced? You Answered: Kodak DCS 200 Correct Answer: Kodak DCS 200 Question 9: Whose research served as the foundation of modern optics? You Answered: Ibn al-Haytham Correct Answer: Ibn al-Haytham Question 10: Which of the following was the subject of one of the first public demonstrations of television? You Answered: the 1936 Berlin Olympics Correct Answer: the 1936 Berlin Olympics Question 11: Videotape was invented in which year? You Answered: 1956 Correct Answer: 1956 Question 12: Campbell-Swinton’s system used which of the following to capture and display images? You Answered: electronically sweeping cathode ray tubes Correct Answer: electronically sweeping cathode ray tubes Question 13: Which of the following is NOT true of the first digital camera? You Answered: it provided an immediate advantage over film Correct Answer: it provided an immediate advantage over film Question 14: The first advances in optics began in which century? You Answered: 700 BCShow MoreRelatedPhotos Of Women Working 100 Years Ago1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe image I’ve chosen for the purpose of this essay comes from The Huffington Post, in an article called, â€Å"19 Photos Of Women Working 100 Years Ago.† It is presented entirely in grayscale, which is most probably because of the lack of color imaging systems in that time period rather than exuding an artistic effect. This image takes place in an aircraft factory in 1917, according to the article. The background and foreground are very clearly distinguishable. The woman who is clearly in focus is workingRead MoreDue To The Extensive Amount Of Harm That Photo Manipulation1731 Words   |  7 Pages Due to the extensive amount of harm that photo manipulation causes, it is an ethical issue. Digital photo manipulation in women causes widespread harm, long-lasting damage to women s self-esteem and other negative psychological thought processes. Research has also found that it causes a large number of eating disorders. It does this by making women chase the ideal, thin body image that is being portrayed in the different pictures and advertisements. There was a study done that examined both theRead MoreThe Motion Of Usain Bolt s 100 Metre Sprint1862 Words   |  8 Pages â€Æ' Part a This paper will examine the motion involved throughout Usain Bolt’s 100 metre sprint. To examine his motion it must be broken into three separate sections (Start – Middle – End). Motion: Motions are defined as the change in position of an object. According to the Columbian Electronic Encyclopedia â€Å"the rate of change is the speed of the body. If the direction of motion is also given, then the velocity of the body is determined.† (Columbian Encyclopedia, 1993). Usain Bolt: Time (100mRead MoreIdentify the Firms Key External Stakeholders and Show Their Varying Influences Upon This Organisation2725 Words   |  11 PagesPhilips: Philips hair clippers, Philips iPods, Philips micro system, Philips clock radios, Philips cordless telephones, Philips speakers, Philips webcams, Philips headsets, Philips laser fax machine (Argos catalogue 2009) Sony: Sony 10MP cameras, Sony photo frames, Sony Mini DV camcorders, Sony HD Ready Digital LCD TVs, (Argos catalogue 2009) Samsung: Samsung HD Ready Digital LCD TVs, Samsung MP3 and video players, (Argos catalogue 2009) Bush: Bush HD Ready Digital LCD TV/DVD, Bush headsets, Bush speakersRead MoreGrammatical Tense and English Language Paper1716 Words   |  7 Pageshappened ? * What was so special about the happening ? 3. In Part A, Question 1, English Language Paper 2, DSE, the number of words is usually restricted by the tasks specified. Therefore, the recount must be concise and precise. When there are two 100-word writing tasks, in principle, we should allocate two-thirds of the words to the recount and one-third to the message conveyed in it. Based on this assumption, the recount should contain no more than 70 words, and the conveyed message should at bestRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Constitution 948 Words   |  4 Pagesthat an individual must have a photo ID to purchase a gun, and Amish do not take photos. Andrew Hertzler is an Amish man in Pennsylvania who has filed a federal lawsuit claiming his religious beliefs would be violated if took a photo id in order to purchase a gun. Hertzler is not only claiming that this is a violation of his Second Amendment, but he is also stating that it violates the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (Moyer, 2015). Hertzler argues taking a photo goes against his religious beliefsRead MoreEssay On Cloud Storage1304 Words   |  6 Pagesstorage that is entirely sufficient for many computer users--for both amateur and commercial purposes. Google provides 15 GB of storage free, and those who need more can get 100 GB for about $1.99 per month. Google offers dedicated platforms for creating documents and spreadsheets, handling office tasks with the G Suite and storing photos up to 16 MP and videos up to1080 resolution. You can also share, edit and collaborate on files with other people without needing an email attachment. Although GoogleRead MoreMarketing Plan For Itsmetd Photography1481 Words   |  6 Pages A secondary service ItsmeTD Photography will provide is prints of the photographs taken by ItsmeTD Photography. ItsmeTD Photography will provide wedding photography to couples getting married in the DFW metroplex. If client requests prints of photos taken, ItsmeTD Photography can provide printed pictures at set price. Printed materials will be purchased by ItsmeTD Photography from a Wolf Camera location. The NAICS code for ItsmeTD Photography is 71150 (photographers, independent artistic).Read MoreTrade / Art Fair Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagesincluded in the vendor fee. I would obviously need to bring materials to sell, prints can be made from Nations Photo Lab for $1.10 each at 8x10 when you order 100+. They also offer framing services so I could have a few framed photos to use as di splay pieces for between $49.00 - $188.00. I would also need a way to have potential customers view all my work. I would use Blurb to make my own photo book. I like this option because it’s an affordable price at only $14.99 for 20 pages and then $0.20 for eachRead MoreAnalysis : 7 Simply Ways To Optimise Your Facebook Page936 Words   |  4 Pagescom/Repco-Service/1697483262845 3. Add a Clear Cover Photo First impressions are important! This is why having a good cover photo is essential - it’s the first thing Facebook users will see when they land on your business page. There are a few guidelines regarding cover photos to be aware of (subject to change): †¢ Your cover photos cannot be deceptive, misleading or infringe on anyone else’s copyright †¢ You cannot encourage people to upload your cover photo to their personal timelines †¢ Your cover images